高尔夫专业英语 (1)中洞Middle hole (2)短洞Short hole (3)长洞Long hole (4)发球台Teeing start (5)球道Fairway (6)长草区 Rough (7)沙坑Bunker (7)球洞Hole&Cup (8)黑TBlack tee (9)蓝T Blue tee (10)白T White tee (11)红T Red tee (12)金T Gold tee (13)会所Club house (14)水池Pond (15)球包Golf bag (16)前9洞Out –course (17)球童Caddie (18)后9洞In-course (19)Starting (20)左曲球Hook (21)右曲球Slice (22)球上果岭Nice on (23)球进洞Nice in (24)记分卡Score card (25)当地规则 Local rule (26)国际规则International (27)客人姓名Player (28)一号木杆 Driver (29)五号木杆Cleek (30)遗失球 Lost ball (31)三号木杆 Spoon (32)铁杆 Iron (33)障碍区 Hazards (34)高标准杆一杆Bogey (35)高标准杆两杆Double bogey (36)高标准杆三杆 Triple bogey (37)平标准杆Par (38)低标准杆一杆Birdie (39)低标准杆两杆Eagle (40)低标准杆三杆 Boudle Eagle (41)记分员 Marker (42)维修地 Ground under repair & GUR (43)逆风Head wind (44)顺风 Follow wind (45)一杆进洞Hole in one (46)好球Nice shotGood shot (47)旗杆 Flagstick (48)界外 Out of bounds OB (49)木杆 Wood (50)P杆 Pitching Wedge (51)S杆 Sand wedge (52)临时积水 Casual water (53)果领边区 Collar (54)球童主管Caddie Master (55)禁止触球No touch (56)狗腿型Dog leg (57)盲点 Bland hole (57)水障碍 Water Hazard (58)球场 Course (59)签名 Sign (60)暂定球 Provisional ball (61)球杆罩Head cover (62)球标志 Ball marker (63)重新击球Again (64)超越前组 Playing through (65)少于标准杆 Under par (66)规则 Rule or Rules (67)散置障碍物 Loose Impediments (67)比赛 Matches (68)横向风 Sids wind (69)高于标准杆 Over par (70)标志 Mark (71)会员 Memder (72)会员卡 Memdership card (73)专卖店 Pro-shop (74)上坡球 side hill up (75)下坡球 side hill down (76)侧面斜坡 side hill (77)早上好/中午好/晚上好,先生 Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening,sir (78)我是这里的一个球童 I’m a caddie here (79)我能为你做点什么吗? What can I do for you/Can I help you?/May I help you?sir (80)让我来为您拿球包吧! Let me help you with your bag。 (81)顺风/逆风/侧面风 Follow wind/against wind/side wind (82)我还能帮您点什么? Is there anything else I can do for you? (83)您的球已经上果岭了。 Your ball is on the green now (84)您一共有13只杆,三支木杆、九支铁杆和一个推杆 You have 13 cluds,3 wood,9 ironand 1putter (85)请您数一下您的球杆 Please check your club sir (86)您的球在水/沙坑/果岭旁边 Your ball is near the water/bunker/green (87)您的球在水/沙坑里面 Your ball is near the water/bunker (88)打扰一下 Excuse me (89)给您 Here you are (90)这是第11号洞,515码,标准杆5杆 This is number 11 hole,515 yards,par 5 (91)从这里到沙坑有120码 It’s 120 yards from here to the bunker (92)很抱歉,您的球已经遗失 I’m sorry sir,Your ball is a lost ball. (93)祝您好运 Good Luck (94)祝您愉快 Have a nice time (95)很荣幸作您的球童 It’s my pleasure to be your caddie (96)希望下次能够见到您 Hope to see you again 10码:ten yards 20码:twenty yards 30码:thirty yards 40码:fourty yards 50码:fifty yards 100码:one hundred yards 150码:one hundred and fifty yards 200码:two hundred yards 250码:two hundred and fifty yards
英语问题,急啊!
(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场 首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
截成法(clipping) 特别是在非正式用法中,我们有时会把某些多音节词缩成一个音节,从而产生截成词。截成法一般可分为以下三种(后两种方法都不大常见):
a. 截去词的尾部:ad = advertisement(广告),demo = demonstration(演示), expo = exposition(展览会),pro = professional(专业人员),gents = gentleman’s lavatory (男厕),pub = public house(酒店),stereophonic(立体声)
b. 截去词的首部:phone = telephone(电话),plane = airplane(飞机),chute = parachute (降落伞),copter = helicopter(直升机)
c. 截去词的首部和尾部:flu = influenza(流感),tec = detective(侦探),fridge = refrigerator (冰箱) (affixation)
英语词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。一般来说,前缀只是改变词的意义,但不改变其词类。后缀不仅改变词的意义,而且使单词由一种词类转变为另一种词类。 (prefixation)
a. 表示否定的前缀
in-,im-,il-,ir-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如:inefficient (无效率的),infrequent(不频繁的),improper(不合适的),impossible(不可能的),illiterate(无文化的),irregular(不规则的)
non-表示“not”“the lack of”“the opposite of”。例如:nonaggression(不侵犯),nonconductor (绝缘体),nonsense(废话),nonsmoker(不抽烟的人),nonfiction(非小说的散文文学),nonviolent(非暴力的),nonproductive(非生产的),nonexistent(不存在的),nonstop (直达的)un-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如:unpleasant(不愉快的),unemployed (无工作的),unconcerned(漠不关心的),unsuccessfully(不成功的),unhappily (不开心的),undo(复原),unsay(撤回),unload(从…卸下)
b. 表示倒序或否定的前缀
de-表示“reversing the action”。例如:decentralize(使分散),defrost(除霜),desegregate (取消种族隔离),de-escalate(降低)
dis-表示“reversing the action”“not”。例如:disappear(消失),discount(折价),disagreement (不一致),disadvantage(不利),disobey(不服从),disorder(杂乱),djsloyal(不义的)
c. 表示轻蔑的前缀
mal-表示“badly”“bad”。例如:maltreat(虐待),malformed(畸形的),malfunction(故障),malnutrition(营养失调)
mis-表示“wrongly”“astray”。例如:mislead(误导),misbehavior(品行不端),mispronounce (发音错误),misunderstanding(误解),misdeed(错误行径),misprint(误印)
pseudo-表示“false”“imitation”。例如:pseudoclassicism (伪古典主义),pseudograph (伪造文件),pseudomorph (伪形),pseudonym(假名)
d. 表示程度或尺度的前缀
co-表示“joint(ly)”“on equal footing”。例如:co-education(男女合校制的教育),coheir (共同继承人),copilot(副驾驶员),cohabit(同居),cooperate(合作)
mini-表示“little”。例如:minibus(小型巴士),minicab(小型汽车),mini-bar(迷你酒吧)
over-表示“too (much)”。例如:overanxious(过度焦虑的),overpopulation(人口过剩),overcrowd(容纳过多的人),overwork(操劳过度),overcharge(索价过高)
sub-表示“under”“lower than”“further”。例如:subconscious(潜意识),subcommittee (小组委员会),substandard(不够标准),sublevel(预备级),subaverage(低于平均水平的) super-表示“more than”“very special”。例如:supernatural(超自然的),supermarket(超市),superman(超人),supersensitive(感光性极敏锐的)
e. 表示方位和态度的前缀
anti-表示“against”。例如:anti-war(反战的),anti-imperialist(反帝的),anti-missile (反导弹的),anti-music(非正统派音乐),anti-poet(非正统派诗人)
contra-表示“against”“opposite to ”“contrasting”。例如:contraception(避孕),contradict(否定),contravene(违反)。counter-表示“opposite in direction”“made in answer to”“corresponding”。例如:counteract(抵消),counterattack(反击),counter-revolution(反革命),counteract(阻止),countermeasure(反策略),countercharge(反控诉),counterculturist(反主流文化者),counterattack(反攻),counterpart(相当的人或物)
f. 表示时间和顺序的前缀
ex-表示“former”。例如:ex-president(前总统),ex-serviceman(退役军人),ex-husband (前夫)
fore-表示“before”“beforehand”。例如:forecast(预测),foregoing(先前的),foresight (先见之明),foretell(预测),forerunner(先行者),forefather(祖先) post-表示“after”。例如:post-war(战后),post-election(竞选后),postclassical (古典时期以后的),postliberation(解放后) pre-表示“before”。例如:pre-war(战前),pre-school(学前),pre-marital(婚前的) re-表示“again”。例如:recall(回忆),reassemble(重新召集),reconsideration(再考虑),rearrangement(再安排)
g. 表示数字的前缀
bi-表示“two”“having two”。例如:bimonthly(每二月一次的),bilateral(双边的),bilingual (双语的)
poly-,multi-表示“many”。例如:polyglot(通晓数国语言的人),polygon(多边形),polygamy (一夫多妻制),multi-lateral(多边的),multiracial多种族的),multi-purpose(多目标的)
semi-表示“half”“partly”。例如:semicircle(半圆),semiconductor(半导体),semiskilled (半熟练的)
mono-,uni-表示“single”“having one”。例如:monoxide(一氧化物),monosyllable(单音节),monolingual(单语的)
pent(a)-表示“five”。例如:pentagon(五角形),pentahedron(五面体),pentathlete (五项全能运动员),pentathlon(五项全能)
dec(a)- 表示“ten”例如:decathlon(十项全能),decade(十年),decathlete(十项全能运动员),decagram(十克),decametre(十米) (suffixation)
a. 名 词后缀
1)由名词派生名词的后缀:
-dom表示“domain”“realm”“condition”。例如:freedom(自由),kingdom(王国),martyrdom (殉教),boredom(无聊),officialdom(官僚作风)。-eer表示“skilled in”“engaged in”。例如:mountaineer(登山者),auctioneer(拍卖员),engineer (工程师),profiteer(投机者、奸商),pamphleteer(小册子作家),racketeer(勒索者)
-ful表示“the amount or number that will fill”。例如:mouthful(满嘴),armful(满怀),basketful (满篮),spoonful(满勺),handful(满手),packetful(满盒) -ship表示“status”“condition”。例如:fellowship(奖学金),relationship(关系),membership (会员的资格),authorship(作者的身份),leadership(领导权),dictatorship(专制)
2)由形容词派生名词的后缀
-ity是一个很常见的后缀用来从形容词词根构成抽象名词。例如:sanity(神智健全),falsity
(不诚实),rapidity(迅速),diversity(不同),banality(陈腐),respectability (可尊敬的人或物),actuality(现实),regularity(规律性) -ness可以相当自由地加到任何一类形容词上。例如:carelessness(粗心),happiness(幸福),usefulness(有用),kindness(善良),selfishness(自私),unexpectedness(意外)
3)由动词派生名词的后缀
-al表示“the action or result of”。例如:arrival(抵达),refusal(拒绝),removal(移动),survival (残存),signal(信号) -ant是施动者的主要形式。例如:inhabitant(居住者),contestant(竞争者),participant (参与者),lubricant(润滑油) -ee表示“one who is the object of the verb”。例如:absentee(缺席者),refugee(逃难者),employee(雇员),nominee(被提名者) -er/or构成施动者名词。例如:creator(创造者),survivor(幸存者),driver(司机),New Yorker (纽约人),singer(歌手),actor(演员),supervisor(管理员) -age表示“action of”“instance of”。例如:coverage(所包括的范围),drainage(排水法),shrinkage (缩水),leverage(杠杆作用) -tion/ation/ition表示“the process or state of”“the product of”。例如:protection(保护),completion (完成),examination(考试),consideration(考虑),organization(组织),starvation(饥 饿),recognition(承认),foundation(基础)
-ment表示“the result of”。例如:arrangement(安排),amazement(惊异),announcement (宣布),management管理),employment(雇佣),entertainment(娱乐)
b. 动词后缀
英语中常见的动词后缀只有几个,而且只有-ize构词能力最强。
-ate主要与名词词根结合,例如:orchestrate(编管弦乐曲),laminate(制成薄片),hyphenate (以连字符号连接) -en与形容词结合,例如:deafen(使聋),sadden(使悲伤),tauten(拉紧),quicken(使快 速),ripen(使成熟),widen(使变宽),harden(使变硬),broaden(使变宽) -ify与形容词和名词结合,例如:simplify(使简单),amplify(扩大),codify(编纂),beautify (使美丽),identify(辨认),electrify(使通电) -ize自由地与形容词和名词结合,例如:modernize(使现代化),symbolize(用符号表现),civilize(使文明),commercialize(使商业化),centralize(集中),equalize(使相等),socialize (使社会化)
c. 形容词后缀
1)由名词派生形容词的后缀
-ed表示“having”。例如:simple-minded(头脑简单的),blue-eyed(蓝眼睛的),odd-shaped (奇形怪状的),blonde-haired(金发的) -ful表示“full of”“providing”。例如:useful(有用的),meaningful(有意义的),careful(认真的),doubtful(怀疑的),successful(成功的),helpful(有助的) -ish表示“somewhat like”。例如:childish(幼稚的),foolish(愚蠢的),snobbish(势利眼的),Swedish(瑞典人),Turkish(土耳其人) -less表示“without”。例如:careless(粗心的),useless(无用的),meaningless(无意义的),harmless(无害的),homeless(无家的)
-like表示“like”。例如:childlike(孩子般的),monkeylike(猴子般的),statesmanlike (政治家般的) -ly表示“having the qualities of”。例如:friendly(友好的),motherly(慈母般的),brotherly (兄弟般的),cowardly(胆小的),daily(每天的),weekly(每周的)
2)由动词派生形容词的后缀
-able表示“of the kind that is subject to being V-ed”。例如:acceptable(能接受的),washable (能洗的),drinkable(能喝的),manageable(可管理的),inevitable(不可避免的),visible (可视的) -ive,例如:attractive(吸引人的),effective(有效的),possessive(拥有的),productive (多产的),explosive(爆炸的),expansive(可扩张的)
d. 副词后缀
-ly可以非常广泛地加到一个形容词上,常常可释义为“in a … manner / respect 或“to…a degree”。例如:personally(亲自地),calmly(平静地),extremely(极端地),evidently(明显地),kindly(好心地),eagerly(急切地),sincerely(真诚地),simply(简单地) -wise可用于表示方式、尺度,例如:clockwise(顺时针方向的),crabwise(横斜的),crosswise(十字形地)。但是它用得最多的是表示“在…方面”,相当于“as far as…is concerned”。weatherwise(就天气而言),educationwise(就教育而言),taxwise(就税收而言),curriculumwise(就课程而言)。构成的新词在句中作状语,相当于so far as…is concerned.
例如:
Dollarwise,business is better than ever –but not so good profitwise. 从成交的美元数额来看,生意确是比过去兴隆了—但是从利润方面来看,情况不见得比过去好。
--“The trouble wasn’t all that serious,figurewise,” said Mr. Gyllenhammer. 吉伦哈默先生说:“从数字方面来看,问题没有那么严重。” (blending)
混成法就是把一个词与另一个词“混成一体”来构成合成词的方法。从形态结构看,混成法大致可
分成以下四类:
a. 取第一个词的首部接第二个词的尾部
--motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆
--Chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道
--brunch (breakfast + lunch) 早午餐
--telecast (television + broadcast) 电视广播
--smog (smoke + fog) 烟雾
--bit (binary digit) 位元(二进制中一单位)
b. 保持第一个词的原形,删去第二个词的首部
--newscast (news + broadcast) 新闻报道
--travelogue (travel + catalogue) 旅行见闻讲座
--lunarnaut (lunar + astronaut) 登月宇航员
--airtel (air + hotel) 机场宾馆
--faction (fact + fiction )纪实文学
--slimnastics (slim + gymnastics) 减肥体操
c. 保持第二个词的原形,删去第一个词的尾部
--paratroops (parachute +troops) 空降部队
--docudrama (document + drama) 记录片
--medicare (medical + care) 医疗照顾方案
--helipad (helicopter + pad) 直升飞机升降场
--psywarrior (psychological + warrior) 心理战专家
--telediagnosis (television + diagnosis) 远距侦探
d. 删去第一个词和第二个词的尾部
--interpol (international police) 国际警察
--moped (motor pedal-cycle) 轻型脚踏摩托车
--comsat (communications + satellite) 通讯卫星
--sitcom (situation + comedy) 情景喜剧
--comint (communications + intelligence) 通讯情报
--sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小说
在现代英语中,很多混成词已经牢固确定,而且已成为新构词很有构词力的样板。例如:从 cheeseburger (夹干酪肉三明治)到beefburger(夹牛肉三明治),shrimpburger 夹虾肉三明治);从motel到botel (汽艇游客旅馆boat + hotel),aquatel (水上饭店 aquatic + hotel) ;从washeteria (自助洗衣店wash + cafeteria) 到 candyteria (自助糖果店),luncheteria (自助小吃馆)。 (back formation)
逆成法与下面一节中的缀合法恰好相反,缀合法借用此缀构成新词,而逆成法则去掉被误认的后缀构成新词。例如:televise由television删去-ion逆生而成。利用这种构词手段创造的新词叫做逆生词。逆生词多半属动词,形成逆成词的原形词最多的是名词和形容词。
a. 名词->动词。例如:
--pedlar à peddle (叫卖)
--swindler à swindle (诈骗)
--beggar à beg (乞讨)
--donation à donate (捐赠)
--editor à edit (编辑)
--orator à orate (演说)
--burglar à burgle (盗窃)
--resurrection à resurrect (复活)
--aggression à aggress (侵略)
--caretaker à caretake (暂时看管)
--free-association à free associate (自由联想)
--automation à automate (使自动化)
--escalation à escalate (逐步升级)
--laser à lase (发射激光)
--helicopter à helecopt (用直升飞机运送)
b. 形容词->动词。例如:
--peevish à peeve (气恼)
--gloomy à gloom (变阴暗)
--cozy à coze (使感到舒适)
--lazy à laze (偷懒)
--greedy à greed (贪婪)
--gruesome à grue (因害怕发抖)
英语的前缀和后缀有很多.前缀:dis- ,im-,un-,(这类)都表达的是否定的意味.如disabled,impossible, unclear 等.
后缀如-able(部分名词后,表示形容词),-ly形容词后可表示副词)_,
详情还是参照语法书,这只是个人经验
一、常用的前缀和后缀
1、常用前缀
aero-:concerning the air of aircraft
plane—aeroplane
space—aerospace
anti-:against;opposite of
nuclear—antinuclear
matter—antimatter
war—antiwar
auto-:of or by oneself
biography—autobiography
criticism—autocriticism
be-:to treat as the stated thing
friend—befriend
little—belittle
bi-:two;twice;double
lingual—bilingual
cycle—bicycle
bio-:concerning living things
chemistry—biochemistry
sphere—biosphere
by-,bye-:less important
produce—by-produce
way—byway
centi-:hundredth part
grade—centigrade
meter—centimeter
co-:together,with
author—coauthor
exist—coexist
col-:( used before l ) together,with
location—collocation
com-:( used before b,m,p ) together,with
passion—compassion
con-:together,with
centric—concentric
federation—confederation
contra-:opposite
diction—contradiction
natural—contranatural
cor-:( used before r ) together,with
relate—correlate
respond—correspond
counter-:opposite
act—counteract
attack—counterattack
cross-:across;going between the stated things and joining them
country—crosscountry
breed—crossbreed
de-:showing an opposite;to remove;to reduce
code—decode
value—devalue
dis-:not;the opposite of
advantage—disadvantage
agree—disagree
honest—dishonest
em-:( used before b,m,p ) to cause to become
body—embody
power—empower
en-:to cause to become;to make
danger—endanger
large—enlarge
ex-:former ( and still living )
minister—ex-minister
wife—ex-wife
extra-:outside;beyond
curricular—extracurricular
ordinary—extraordinary
fore-:in advance,before;in or at the front
arm—forearm
warn—forewarn
il-:( used before l ) not
legal—illegal
literate—illiterate
im-:( used before b,m,p ) not
moral—immoral
possible—impossible
in-:not
direct—indirect
sensitive—insensitive
infra-:below in a range;beyond
red—infrared
structure——infrastructure
inter-:between;among
change——interchange
national——international
intra-:inside,within;into
city——intracity
department——intra-department
ir-:(used before r)not
regular——irregular
responsible——irresponsible
kilo-:thousand
gram——kilogram
meter——kilometer
macro-:large,esp. concerning a whole system rather than
particular parts of
economics——macroeconomics
structure——macrostructure
mal-:bad or badly
function——malfunction
treat——maltreat
micro-:extremely small
computer——microcomputer
electronics——microelectronics
mid-:middle
day——midday
night——midnight
mini-:small;short
bus——minibus
skirt——miniskirt
mis-:bad or badly;wrong or wrongly
fortune——misfortune
understand——misunderstand
mono-:one;single
plane——monoplane
tone——monotone
multi-:more than one;many
purpose——multipurpose
national——multinational
non-:not
resident——non(-)resident
sense——nonsense
out-:outside;beyond
live——outlive
door——outdoor
over-:too much;above;additional
head——overhead
time——overtime
poly-:many
centric——polycentric
syllabic——polysyllabic
post-:later than;after
graduate——postgraduate
war——postwar
pre-:before;in advance
pay——prepay
war——prewar
pro-:in favor of,supporting
America——pro-America
abortion——pro-abortion
pseudo-:not real;false
name——pseudonym
science——pseudoscience
re-:again;back to the former state
unite——reunite
use——reuse
self-:by means of oneself or itself;of,to,with,for,or in
oneself or itself
employed——self-employed
taught——self-taught
semi-:half;partly
circle——semicircle
final——semifinal
step-:not by birth but through a parent who has remarried
mother——stepmother
children——stepchildren
sub-:under,below;less important;part of the stated bigger
whole
divide——subdivide
section——subsection
super-:more,larger,greater than usual
market——supermarket
natural——supernatural
tele-:at or over a long distance;by or for television
communication——telecommunication
screen——telescreen
therm(o)-:concerning heat
chemistry——thermochemistry
meter——thermometer
trans-: across, on or to the other side of ; between
Atlantic—transatlantic
plant—transplant
tri-: three; three times
angular—triangular
cycle—tricycle
ultra-: beyond; very, extremely
modern—ultramodern
sound—ultrasound
un-: not
certain—uncertain
fortunate—unfortunate
under-: too little; below
develop—underdevelop
sea—undersea
uni-: one, singer
form—uniform
directional—unidirectional
vice-: next in the rank; below
chairman—vice-chairman
president—vice-president
2.常用后缀
(1)名词后缀
-ability,-ibility
able—ability
flexible—flexibility
-age
post—postage
short—shortage
-al
arrive—arrival
refuse—refusal
-an,-ian,-arian
library—librarian
music—musician
-ance,-ence
appear—appearance
refer—reference
-ancy,-ency
emerge—emergency
expect—expectancy
-ant,-ent
apply—applicant
correspond—correspondent
-cy
accurate—accuratcy
private—privacy
-dom
king—kingdom
free—freedom
-ee
employ—employee
interview—interviewee
-er,-or,-ar
paint—painter
beg—beggar
-ery
brave—bravery
slave—slavery
-ese
China—Chinaese
Japan—Japanese
-ess
actor—actress
waiter—waitress
-ful
hand—handful
spoon—spoonful
-hood
child—childhood
man—manhood
-ics
electron—electronics
linguist—linguistics
-ion,-ition,-ation
collect—collection
observe—observation
-ism
Marx—Marxism
socialist—socialism
-ist
psychiatry—psychiatrist
violin—violinist
-ity,-ty
cruel—cruelty
pure—purity
-ment
move—movement
retire——retirement
-ness
dark——darkness
happy——happiness
-ology
climate——climatology
future——futurology
-ship
friend——friendship
scholar——scholarship
-sion,-ssion
decide——decision
expand——expansion
-th
grow——growth
wide——width
-ure
close——closure
expose——exposure
(2)动词前缀
-en
deep——deepen
fast——fasten
-ify
class——classify
simple——simplify
-ize,-ise
modern——modernize / modernize
popular——popularize / popularize
(3)形容词后缀
-able,-ible
suit——suitable
question——questionable
-al
nature——natural
structure——structural
-an,-arian,-ian
suburb——suburban
Canada——Canadian
-ant,-ent
differ——different
please——pleasant
-ary,-ory
advise——advisory
custom——customary
-ate
consider——considerate
fortune——fortunate
-en
gold——golden
wood——wooden
-ese
China——Chinese
Japan——Japanese
-free
care——carefree
duty——duty-free
-ful
care——careful
pain——painful
-ic,-ical
atom——atomic
psychology——psychological
-ish
girl——girlish
child——childish
-ive
create——creative
support——supportive
-less
hope——hopeless
pain——painless
-like
child——childlike
lady——ladylike
-ly
man——manly
month——monthly
-ous,-ious
danger——dangerous
poison——poisonous
-some
tire——tiresome
trouble——troublesome
-ward
down——downward
up——upward
-y
guilt-guilty
noise-noisy
(4)副词后缀
-ly
easy-easily
heavy-heavily
-ward,-wards
east-eastward(s)
north-northward(s)
-wise
clock-clockwise
other-otherwise
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